N6 heterocyclic 8-modified adenosine derivatives

ABSTRACT

N 6  heterocyclic  8  modified adenosine derivatives that are selective, partial or full adenosine A 1  receptor partial or full agonists, and as such, are useful for modifying cardiac activity, modifying adipocyte function, treating central nervous system disorders, and treating diabetic disorders and obesity in mammals, and especially in humans.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] There is provided useful drugs and pro-drugs that are N⁶ heterocyclic 8 modified adenosine derivatives. The compositions of this invention are selective, partial or full adenosine A₁ receptor agonists, and as such, are useful for modifying cardiac activity, modifying adipocyte function, treating central nervous system disorders, and treating diabetic disorders and obesity in mammals, and especially in humans.

[0003] 2. Description of the Art

[0004] There are at least two subtypes of adenosine receptors in the heart: A₁ and A_(2A). Each subtype affects different physiological functions. The A₁ adenosine receptor mediates two distinct physiological responses. Inhibition of the cardiostimulatory effects of catecholamine are mediated via the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, whereas the direct effects to slow the heart rate (HR) and to prolong impulse propagation through the AV node are due in great part to activation of I_(KAd0). (B. Lerman and L. Belardinelli Circulation, Vol. 83 (1991), P 1499-1509 and J. C. Shryock and L. Belardinelli The Am. J. Cardiology, Vol. 79 (1997) P 2-10). Both, the anti-β-adrenergic action and direct depressant effects on SA and AV nodal function are mediated by the A₁ receptor; there is no role for the A_(2A) receptor in this response to adenosine. A_(2A) receptors mediate the coronary vasodilatation caused by adenosine. Stimulation of the A₁ adenosine receptor accordingly shortens the duration and decreases the amplitude of the action potential of AV nodal cells, and hence prolongs the refractory period of the AV nodal cell. The consequence of these effects is to limit the number of impulses conducted from the atria to the ventricles. This forms the basis of the clinical utility of A₁ receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias, including termination of nodal re-entrant tachycardias, and control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and flutter.

[0005] A clinical utility of A₁ agonists therefore is in the treatment of acute and chronic disorders of heart rhythm, especially those diseases characterized by rapid heart rate where the rate is driven by abnormalities in the sinoatrial, atria, and AV nodal tissues. Such disorders include but are not limited to atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter. Exposure to A₁ agonists causes a reduction in the heart rate and a regularization of the abnormal rhythm thereby improving cardiovascular function.

[0006] A₁ agonists, through their ability to inhibit the effects of catecholamines, decrease cellular cAMP, and thus, should have beneficial effects in the failing heart where increased sympathetic tone increases cellular cAMP levels. The latter has been shown to be associated with increased likelihood of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. All of the above concepts are discussed in reviews regarding the effects of adenosine on cardiac electrophysiology (see B. Lerman and L. Belardinelli Circulation, Vol. 83 (1991), P 1499-1509 and J. C. Shryock and L. Belardinelli, Am. J. Cardiology, Vol. 79 (1997) P 2-10).

[0007] A controversial area in the field of A₁ adenosine agonism is that the benefit of preconditioning of the heart prior to ischemia may be due to binding of adenosine to the A₁ receptor. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from a rabbit ischemia model wherein 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) and R-PIA were administered prior to ischemia providing protection with respect to infarct size (J. D. Thornton et al. Circulation Vol. 85 (1992) 659-665). A₁ agonists, as a result of their inhibitory action on cyclic AMP generation, have antilipolytic effects in adipocytes that leads to a decreased release of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) (E. A. van Schaick et al J. Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Vol. 25 (1997) p 673-694 and P. Strong Clinical Science Vol. 84 (1993) p. 663-669). Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by an insulin resistance that results in hyperglycemia. Factors contributing to the observed hyperglycemia are a lack of normal glucose uptake and activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS). Elevated levels of NEFA have been shown to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis ( D. Thiebaud et al Metab. Clin. Exp. Vol. 31 (1982) p 1128-1136 and G. Boden et al J. Clin. Invest. Vol. 93 (1994) p 2438-2446). The hypothesis of a glucose fatty acid cycle was proposed by P. J. Randle as early as 1963 (P. J. Randle et al Lancet (1963) p. 785-789). A tenet of this hypothesis would be that limiting the supply of fatty acids to the peripheral tissues should promote carbohydrate utilization (P. Strong et al Clinical Science Vol. 84 (1993) p. 663-669).

[0008] The benefit of an A₁ agonist in central nervous disorders has been reviewed and the content are included herein by reference (L. J. S. Knutsen and T. F. Murray In Purinergic Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics, Eds. K. A. Jacobson and M. F. Jarvis (1997) Wiley-Liss, N.Y., P 423-470). Briefly, based on experimental models of epilepsy, a mixed A_(2A): A₁ agonist, metrifudil, has been shown to be a potent anticonvulsant against seizures induced by the inverse benzodiazepine agonist methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM, H. Klitgaard Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1993) Vol. 224 p. 221-228). In other studies using CGS 21680, an A_(2A) agonist, it was concluded that the anticonvulsant activity was attributed to activation of the A₁ receptor (G. Zhang et al. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Vol. 255 (1994) p. 239-243). Furthermore, A₁ adenosine selective agonists have been shown to have anticonvulsant activity in the DMCM model (L. J. S. Knutsen In Adenosine and Adenne Nucleotides: From Molecular Biology to Integrative Physiology; eds. L. Belardinelli and A. Pelleg, Kluwer: Boston, 1995, pp 479-487). A second area where an A₁ adenosine agonist has a benefit is in animal models of forebrain ishemia as demonstrated by Knutsen et al (J. Med. Chem. Vol. 42 (1999) p. 3463-3477). The benefit in neuroprotection is believed to be in part due to the inhibition of the release of excitatory amino acids (ibid).

[0009] There are a number of full A₁ agonists disclosed in the prior art. However, the agonists disclosed are generally in the forms that are not useful in the mammalian body. Because useful forms of A₁ agonists may not always be stable, soluble or they may have other properties that make their incorporation into therapeutic dosage forms difficult, it is often necessary to identify compositions that are more easily incorporated into therapeutic dosage forms in order to provide the desired therapeutic effect. Also, these agonists fail as useful therapeutics due to side effects caused by the non-selective stimulation of the A₁ adenosine receptor in all biologically available tissues and the desensitization of the desired response preempting their use as chronic agents. Therefore, there remains a need for specific and selective A₁ agonists, precursors and/or pro-drugs that are converted in the body into useful therapeutic compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] This invention includes heterocyclic 8 modified adenosine derivative compositions that are useful partial or full adenosine A₁ receptor agonists.

[0011] This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions including one or more heterocyclic 8 modified adenosine derivative compositions.

[0012] In still another embodiment, this invention includes heterocyclic 8 modified adenosine derivatives having the formula:

[0013] In yet another embodiment, this invention includes methods for administering compositions of this invention to mammals, and especially to humans, to stimulate coronary activity, to modify adipocyte function, to treat central nervous system disorders, and to treat diabetic disorders.

[0014] In a further embodiment, this invention is pharmaceutical compositions of matter comprising at least one composition of this invention and one or more pharmaceutical excipients.

DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT EMBODIMENT

[0015] This invention includes a class of heterocyclic 8 modified adenosine derivatives having the formula:

[0016] wherein X¹=O, S, NR⁷;

[0017] R¹ is a monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclic group containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms wherein at least one carbon atom is replaced with an atom or molecule selected from the group consisting of N, O, P and S—(O)₀₋₂ and wherein R¹ does not contain an epoxide group;

[0018] Wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CF₃, and cyano;

[0019] Wherein R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)—R′, —(CO)—R″, and —(CO)—R″′ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group of halo, NO₂, alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰COR²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR^(20 CON(R) ²⁰)₂, NR²⁰C(NR²⁰)NHR²³, COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, CONR²⁰SO₂R²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², OCONR²⁰SO₂R²², OC(O)R²⁰, C(O)OCH₂OC(O)R²⁰, and OCON(R²⁰)₂ and wherein each optional heteroaryl, aryl, alkyl, and heterocyclyl substituent is optionally further substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, OC(O)R²⁰, OC(O)N(R²⁰)₂,SR²⁰, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, CN, or OR²⁰;

[0020] R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, NO₂, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰COR²², SO₂NR ²⁰CO₂R²², S(O)₃R²⁰, P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR2° CON(R²⁰) NR2° C(NR²⁰)NHR2, COR20, C0₂R²′, CON(R²′)₂, CONR ²S0₂R²², NR²⁰So₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², OCONR²⁰SO₂R²², OC(O)R²⁰, C(O)OCH₂OC(O)R²⁰, and OCON(R²⁰)₂ and wherein each optional heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl substituent is optionally further substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, OC(O)R²⁰, OC(O)N(R²⁰)₂, SR²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂,CN, or OR²⁰;

[0021] R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋ ₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, CF₃, aryl, and heteroaryl; and

[0022] R²² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, CN, O-CI6 alkyl, CF₃, aryl, and heteroaryl.

[0023] In more preferred compositions, X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)—R′, —(CO)—R″, or —(CO)—R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, and preferably methyl; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl and hydrogen with hydrogen being preferred; R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, CF₃, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, C₂R²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, and wherein optional aryl substituent is optionally further substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃; and R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl.

[0024] In another preferred group of compositions, X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³ , R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein the alkyl, is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl wherein the optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, and CF₃. More preferably, R⁷ is C₁₋₄ alkyl that is optionally substituted with phenyl.

[0025] In another preferred class of compositions, X¹=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₄ alkenyl that is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl. More preferably, R⁷ is C₂₋₃ alkenyl.

[0026] In yet another preferred class of compositions, X¹=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₄ alkynyl that is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl. More preferably, R⁷ is C₂₋₃ alkynyl.

[0027] In the compositions of this invention, R¹ is preferably mono or polysubstituted with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, acyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano and mixtures thereof. More preferably, R¹ is a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted with an atom or molecule selected from the group consisting of O or S-(O)₀₋₂.

[0028] One example of preferred R¹ moiety is:

[0029] wherein R₁′, R₁″, R₁′″, and R₁″41 may each individually be selected from the group halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, acyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, nitro, and cyano, and X is O, or S (—O)₀₋₂, alternately, R¹′″and R₁″″ may be a single oxygen atom. More preferably, R₁′, R₁″, R₁′″, and R₁″″ are each individually selected from the group hydrogen, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl.

[0030] Most preferably, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrothiofuranyl 4-pyranyl, and 4 thiopyranyl.

[0031] Most preferred compositions of this invention include: 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[(methylethyl)amino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3 ,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-enylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hy droxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-ynylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(propylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(butylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[benzylamino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; and (5- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(2 R,3 R,4 R,5 R)-3,4-diacetyloxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate.

[0032] The following definitions apply to terms as used herein.

[0033] “Halo” or “Halogen”—alone or in combination means all halogens, that is, chloro (Cl), fluoro (F), bromo (Br), iodo (J).

[0034] “Hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

[0035] “Thiol” or “mercapto” refers to the group —SH.

[0036] “Alkyl”—alone or in combination means an alkane-derived radical containing from 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 15, carbon atoms (unless specifically defined). It is a straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl or cycloalkyl. Preferably, straight or branched alkyl groups containing from 1 -15, more preferably 1 to 8, even more preferably 1-6, yet more preferably 1-4 and most preferably 1-2, carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl and the like. The term “lower alkyl” is used herein to describe the straight chain alkyl groups described immediately above. Preferably, cycloalkyl groups are monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems of 3-8, more preferably 3-6, ring members per ring, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl and the like. Alkyl also includes a straight chain or branched alkyl group that contains or is interrupted by a cycloalkyl portion. The straight chain or branched alkyl group is attached at any available point to produce a stable compound. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, 4-(isopropyl)-cyclohexylethyl or 2-methyl-cyclopropylpentyl. A substituted alkyl is a straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, or cycloalkyl group defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, or the like.

[0037] “Alkenyl”—alone or in combination means a straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon containing 2-20, preferably 2-17, more preferably 2-10, even more preferably 2-8, most preferably 2-4, carbon atoms and at least one, preferably 1-3, more preferably 1-2, most preferably one, carbon to carbon double bond. In the case of a cycloalkyl group, conjugation of more than one carbon to carbon double bond is not such as to confer aromaticity to the ring. Carbon to carbon double bonds may be either contained within a cycloalkyl portion, with the exception of cyclopropyl, or within a straight chain or branched portion. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexenylalkyl and the like. A substituted alkenyl is the straight chain alkenyl, branched alkenyl or cycloalkenyl group defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, or the like attached at any available point to produce a stable compound.

[0038] “Alkynyl”—alone or in combination means a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-20, preferably 2-17, more preferably 2-10, even more preferably 2-8, most preferably 2-4, carbon atoms containing at least one, preferably one, carbon to carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl and the like. A substituted alkynyl refers to the straight chain alkynyl or branched alkenyl defined previously, independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di- substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di- substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, or the like attached at any available point to produce a stable compound.

[0039] “Alkyl alkenyl” refers to a group —R—CR′=CR′″R″″. where R is lower alkyl, or substituted lower alkyl, R′, R′″, R″″ may independently be hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, or substituted hetaryl as defined below.

[0040] “Alkyl alkynyl” refers to a groups —RC≡CR′ where R is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, R′ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, or substituted hetaryl as defined below.

[0041] “Alkoxy” denotes the group —OR, where R is lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, or substituted cycloheteroalkyl as defined.

[0042] “Alkylthio” denotes the group —SR, —S(O)_(n=1−2)−R, where R is lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl or substituted aralkyl as defined herein.

[0043] “Acyl” denotes groups —C(O)R, where R is hydrogen, lower alkyl substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and the like as defined herein.

[0044] “Aryloxy” denotes groups —OAr, where Ar is an aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl group as defined herein.

[0045] “Amino” denotes the group NRR′, where R and R′ may independently by hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, or substituted hetaryl as defined herein or acyl.

[0046] “Amido” denotes the group —C(O)NRR′, where R and R′ may independently by hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl as defined herein.

[0047] “Carboxyl” denotes the group —C(O)OR, where R is hydrogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hetaryl, and substituted hetaryl as defined herein.

[0048] “Aryl”—alone or in combination means phenyl or naphthyl optionally carbocyclic fused with a cycloalkyl of preferably 5-7, more preferably 5-6, ring members and/or optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, or the like.

[0049] “Substituted aryl” refers to aryl optionally substituted with one or more functional groups, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0050] “Heterocycle” refers to a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., morpholino, pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthpyridyl, quinoxalyl, quinolinyl, indolizinyl or benzo[b]thienyl) and having at least one hetero atom, such as N, O or S, within the ring, which can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0051] “Heteroaryl”—alone or in combination means a monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing 5 or 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic group having 8 to 10 atoms, containing one or more, preferably 1-4, more preferably 1-3, even more preferably 1-2, heteroatoms independently selected from the group O, S, and N, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups or substituents of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, acyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, amino optionally mono- or di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, amidino, urea optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, aminosulfonyl optionally N-mono- or N,N-di-substituted with alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, or the like. Heteroaryl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. A carbon or nitrogen atom is the point of attachment of the heteroaryl ring structure such that a stable aromatic ring is retained. Examples of heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinazolinyl, purinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, oxathiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazinyl, faranyl, benzofuryl, indolyl and the like. A substituted heteroaryl contains a substituent attached at an available carbon or nitrogen to produce a stable compound.

[0052] “Heterocyclyl”—alone or in combination means a non-aromatic cycloalkyl group having from 5 to 10 atoms in which from 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by heteroatoms of O, S or N, and are optionally benzo fused or fused heteroaryl of 5-6 ring members and/or are optionally substituted as in the case of cycloalkyl. Heterocycyl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. The point of attaclunent is at a carbon or nitrogen atom. Examples of heterocyclyl groups are tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydroindolyl, and the like. A substituted hetercyclyl contains a substituent nitrogen attached at an available carbon or nitrogen to produce a stable compound.

[0053] “Substituted heteroaryl” refers to a heterocycle optionally mono or poly substituted with one or more functional groups, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0054] “Aralkyl” refers to the group —R—Ar where Ar is an aryl group and R is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl group. Aryl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0055] “Heteroalkyl” refers to the group —R—Het where Het is a heterocycle group and R is a lower alkyl group. Heteroalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0056] “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to the group —R—HetAr where HetAr is an heteroaryl group and R lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl. Heteroarylalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0057] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a divalent cyclic or polycyclic alkyl group containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0058] “Substituted cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group comprising one or more substituents with, e.g., halogen, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0059] “Cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group wherein one or more of the ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S or P).

[0060] Substituted cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a cycloheteroalkyl group as herein defined which contains one or more substituents, such as halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0061] “Alkyl cycloalkyl” denotes the group —R-cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl is a cycloalkyl group and R is a lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl. Cycloalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g. halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, acetylene, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0062] “Alkyl cycloheteroalkyl” denotes the group —R-cycloheteroalkyl where R is a lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl. Cycloheteroalkyl groups can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with e.g. halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, amido, carboxyl, acetylene, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, hetaryl, substituted hetaryl, nitro, cyano, thiol, sulfamido and the like.

[0063] The compounds of this invention can be prepared as outlined in Schemes 1-4, below. Compounds having the general formula IV can be prepared as shown in Scheme 1. Compound I can be prepared through reaction of the corresponding primary amino compound, R¹NH₂, through heating with commercially available 6-chloroadenosine in the appropriate solvent (eg. n-butanol, dimethylformamide, and ethanol). The primary amino compound, R¹NH₂, is either commercially available or can be prepared as previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,416, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. The pro-drug esters of this invention can be prepared using all of the known methods for ester formation which are included by reference (see Jerry March Organic synthesis and Richard Larock—Methods of Organic Synthesis), and more preferably by those outlined in this application.

[0064] The key intermediate compound III can be prepared by the direct chlorination of the 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyl-N⁶substitued adenosine (II). Compound II can be obtained by substitution of 6-chloropurine riboside with an amine (Fleysher, M. H. J. Med. Chem. 1972, 15, 187-191) followed by acetylation of the formed N⁶substituted adenosine (compound I). Nucleophilic displacement of the chlorine atom of compound III with different alkyl amines results in the formation of C-8 substituted compounds with simultaneous deacetylation to yield compound IV (Harlof Roelenet al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1463-1471).

[0065] Compounds with the general structure V can be prepared by the reaction of compound III or compound I (scheme 1) with sodium aryloxide, alkoxide, arylthiolate or alkylthiolate in alcohol or DMF at room temperature or reflux conditions (G. Buenger and V. Nair, Synthesis, 1990, p 962-966).

[0066] The preparation of compound 2 has been described previously in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,416. Compound 4 has been obtained by the direct chlorination of compound 3 that has been prepared by the acetylation of compound 2. Nucleophilic displacement of the chlorine atom with ethylamine resulted in the formation of compound 5.

[0067] Compound 6 can be obtained by the direct acetylation of compound 5 (Scheme 4).

[0068] This invention also includes pro-drugs of the A₁ agonist compositions of this invention. A pro-drug is a drug which has been chemically modified and may be biologically inactive at its site of action, but which will be degraded or modified by one or more enzymatic or in vivo processes to the bioactive form. The pro-drugs of this invention should have a different pharmacokinetic profile to the parent enabling improved absorption across the mucosal epithelium, better salt formulation and/or solubility and improved systemic stability. The compounds of this invention may be preferably modified at one or more of the hydroxyl groups to form pro-drugs. The modifications may be (1) ester or carbamate derivatives which may be cleaved by esterases or lipases, for example; (2) peptides which may be recognized by specific or non specific proteinase; or (3) derivatives that accumulate at a site of action through membrane selection or a pro-drug form or modified pro-drug form, or any combination of (1) to (3) above.

[0069] If a compound of this invention contains a basic group, then corresponding acid addition salt may be prepared. Acid addition salts of the compounds are prepared in a standard manner in a suitable solvent from the parent compound and an excess of acid, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, maleic, succinic, or methanesulfonic. The hydrochloric salt form is especially useful. If a compound of this invention contains an acidic group, then corresponding cationic salts may be prepared. Typically the parent compound is treated with an excess of an alkaline reagent, such as hydroxide, carbonate or alkoxide, containing the appropriate cation. Cations such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺² and NH₄ ⁺ are examples of cations present in pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Certain of the compounds form inner salts or zwitterions which may also be acceptable.

[0070] The compositions of this invention are useful for treating a variety of mammalian disorders and preferably human disorders that are mediated by an A₁ adenosine receptor. For example, the compositions of this invention are useful for modifying cardiac activity in mammals experiencing a coronary electrical disorder that can be treated by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor. Examples of coronary electrical disorders that can be treated by the compositions of this invention include supraventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Furthermore, orally active A₁ agonists of this invention that demonstrate an excellent safety profile in treating supraventricular arrhythmias may also be used as a prophylactic for those at high risk of a myocardial ischemia.

[0071] The compositions of this invention are also useful for modifying adipocyte function by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor that leads to diminished release of NEFA and increased release of leptin. Disease states related to adipocyte function that can be modified using compositions of this invention include diabetes, and obesity.

[0072] In skeletal muscle cells, A₁ AdoR agonists mediate a synergistic stimulation of glucose uptake and transport by insulin (Vergauwen, L. et al, J Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 974-81; Challiss, R. A. et al, Eur. J. Pharacol., 1992, 226, 121-8). Another therapeutic utility of compositions of this invention is more efficient regulation of glucose and a decrease of circulating levels of insulin in patients afflicted with diabetes.

[0073] The A₁ receptor agonist, R-PIA, has been shown to increase the leptin released from white adipocytes and augment insulin-stimulated leptin production (M. Ozeck Master's Thesis Univ. of Florida 1999 with L. Belardinelli). Evidence suggests that catecholamines inhibit the production of leptin from adipocytes through activation of P-adrenergic receptors. The anti-β-adrenergic effects of A₁ agonists on the adipocytes are believed to play a role in the increased release of leptin. The functional role of leptin is multifaceted including decreased appetite, stimulated energy utilization, and increased fertility.

[0074] The compositions of this invention may also be used to provide central nervous system neuroprotection by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor. Central nervous system disorders that may be treated using the compositions of this invention include epilepsy, and stroke.

[0075] In the kidney, there is evidence that stimulation of the A₁ AdoR promotes sodium retention, promotes exchange of sodium in urine for potassium, and reduces glomerular filtration rate as sodium excretion increases (Gellai, M. et al, JPET, 1998, 286, 1191-6; Wilcox, C. S. et al, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1999, 10, 714-720). It is believed that these responses are elicited by chronic local production of adenosine. That is, in the kidney there is a tonic effect of adenosine to stimulate the A₁ AdoR. Another clinical utility of compositions of this invention, therefore, is the selective antagonism of the A₁ AdoR in the kidney to inhibit sodium retention, inhibit the exchange of sodium for potassium, and preserve kidney glomerular filtration rate when sodium excretion rises to yield a potassium sparring diuretic that preserves renal function.

[0076] The compositions of this invention are further useful for providing cardiomyocyte protection from ischemic events by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor. Ischemic events treatable using the compositions of this invention include stable angina, unstable angina, cardiac transplant, and myocardial infarction.

[0077] An important aspect of compounds of this invention is that each compound has an intrinsic efficacy associated with it (for a discussion see T. P. Kenakin Stimulus Response Mechanisms. In Pharmacological Analysis of Drug-Receptor Interaction, Ed. Kenakin, T. P. New York: Raven Press, p 39-68). This intrinsic efficacy is not defined by it's affinity for the receptor, but it is defined as the quantitative effect of the compound to activate a given effector system (eg. cAMP production) in a given cell type. The intrinsic efficacy of a given compound may vary from cell type to cell type and/or from effector system to effector system. When a compound has an intrinsic efficacy lower than a full agonist (i.e. submaximal) than the agonist is called a partial agonist. Thus, a partial agonist is a molecule that binds to a receptor and elicits a response that is smaller than that of a full agonist (submaximal), but also competitively antagonizes the response(s) elicited by a full agonist. The tonic action of adenosine with resepct to kidney function is a prime example where a partial A₁ agonist be expected to act as antagonists (e.g. adenosine). The tonic action of adenosine with respect to kidney function is a prime example where a partial A₁ agonist could be expected to act as an antagonist. The compounds of this invention are believed to have therapeutically useful affinities for the adenosine A₁ receptor, and they will have a range of intrinsic efficacies from full agonist to partial agonist. That is, some compounds may have no effect with respect to a given effector system in a given cell type, but be a full agonist in another cell type and/or effector system. The reason for such variable pharmacological behavior relates to the magnitude of the receptor reserve for the A₁ adenosine receptor in any given cell type (eg. AV nodal cells vs. adipocytes) and for a given response. The receptor reserve (spare receptor capacity) is the total number of receptors minus the fraction of receptors that is required to induce the maximal response using a full agonist (L. E. Limbird, Cell Surface Receptors: A Short Course on Theory and Methods, Kluwer Acad. Pub. 1996, Boston, Mass.). Therefore, the agonist could be a full agonist at eliciting a response, and a partial agonist for eliciting another response in other tissue or cells and still be an antagonist or lack activity for a third response in another tissue or cell. Consequently, a partial agonist targeted to a selected target is likely to cause fewer side effects than a full agonist. As a corollary, a full agonist elicits all the effects mediated by the respective receptor, whereas this is not necessarily the case of a partial agonist. The compounds of this invention based on their affinity for the A₁ receptor and their potency and selectivity to elicit A₁ receptor mediated responses have the potential for therapeutic intervention in the multiple disease states described above.

[0078] Partial A₁ agonists may have an added benefit for chronic therapy because they will be less likely to induce desensitization of the A₁ receptor (R. B. Clark, B. J. Knoll, R. Barber TiPS, Vol. 20 (1999) p. 279-286) and to cause side effects. Chronic administration of a full agonist (R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, R-PIA) for 7 days led to a desensitization of the A₁ receptor in terms of the dromotropic response in guinea pigs (note: a decrease in receptor number was observed - D. M. Dennis, J. C. Shryock, L. Belardinelli JPET, Vol. 272 (1995) p. 1024-1035). The A₁ agonist induced inhibitory effect on the production of cAMP by adenylate cyclase in adipocytes has been shown to desensitize upon chronic treatment with an A₁ agonist as well (W. J. Parsons and G. L. Stiles J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 262 (1987) p. 841-847).

[0079] The compositions of this invention may be administered orally, intravenously, through the epidermis, bolus, nasally, by inhalation or by any other means known in the art for administering a therapeutic agents. The method of treatment comprises the administration of an effective quantity of the chosen compound, preferably dispersed in a pharmaceutical carrier. Dosage units of the active ingredient are generally selected from the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, but will be readily determined by one skilled in the art depending upon the route of administration, age and condition of the patient.

[0080] Pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds of this invention, and/or derivatives thereof, may be formulated as solutions or lyophilized powders for parenteral administration. Powders may be reconstituted by addition of a suitable diluent or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to use. If used in liquid form the compositions of this invention are preferably incorporated into a buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution. Examples of suitable diluents are normal isotonic saline solution, standard 5% dextrose in water and buffered sodium or ammonium acetate solution. Such liquid formulations are suitable for parenteral administration, but may also be used for oral administration. It may be desirable to add excipients such as polyvinylpyrrolidinone, gelatin, hydroxycellulose, acacia, polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sodium chloride, sodium citrate or any other excipient known to one of skill in the art to pharmaceutical compositions including compounds of this invention. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compounds may be encapsulated, tableted or prepared in an emulsion or syrup for oral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carriers may be added to enhance or stabilize the composition, or to facilitate preparation of the composition. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerin, saline, alcohols and water. Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate, dihydrate, teffa alba, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, talc, pectin, acacia, agar or gelatin. The carrier may also include a sustained release material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol distearate, alone or with a wax. The amount of solid carrier varies but, preferably, will be between about 20 mg to about 1 gram per dosage unit. The pharmaceutical dosages are made using conventional techniques such as milling, mixing, granulation, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms; or milling, mixing and filling for hard gelatin capsule forms. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion or an aqueous or non-aqueous suspension. Such a liquid formulation may be administered directly or filled into a soft gelatin capsule.

[0081] The Examples which follow serve to illustrate this invention. The Examples are intended to in no way limit the scope of this invention, but are provided to show how to make and use the compounds of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1

[0082]

[0083] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (Compound 5)

[0084] 5 - {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3 -yl)amino]purin-9-yl}(4 S ,2 R,3 R,5 R)-4-acetoxy-2-(acetoxymethyl)oxolane-3yl-acetate: 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl) oxolane-3,4-diol (2) was prepared from 6-Chloro purine riboside as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,416, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. To a solution of compound 2 (1.68 g, 5 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (100 mg, 0.82 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) at 23° C. was added acetic anhydride (1 mL, 10.6 mmol). After 3 h at 23° C., the reaction was concentrated in vacuo . The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (100 mL), washed with water (3×20 mL), and dried (Na₂SO₄). After concentration in vacuo, the residue was purified by flash chromatography (methylene chloride: methanol 20:1 followed by 9:1) to afford compound 3.

[0085] Synthesis of 5- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-chloropurin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-4-acetoxy-2-(acetoxymethyl)oxolane-3yl-acetate: To a stirred solution of compound 3 (1 g, 2.16 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (1 g, 7.5 mmol) and the reaction was warmed to 55° C. for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by flash chromatography (methylene chloride: methanol 100:0 followed by 95:5) to afford compound 4.

[0086] To a stirred solution of compound 4 (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dioxane (0.5 mL) ethylamine (75% aqueous solution, 3 mL) was added and the reaction was warmed to 65° C. for 16 h. The resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness and the product purified by preparative TLC using methylene chloride:methanol (95:5) as solvent to afford compound 5: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD)δ1.25(τ, 3 H), 1.80-1.90(m, 1 H), 2.30-2.40 (m, 1 H), 3.40 (q, 2 H), 3.50-3.90 (m, 4 H), 3.90-4.00 (m,2 H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.20-4.25 (m, 1 H), 4.65-4.80 (m, 2 H), 5.95 (d, 1 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H).

[0087] [MS: 381.25 (M+1)].

EXAMPLE 2

[0088]

[0089] (5-{6- [((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(2 R,3 R,4 R,5 R)-3,4-diacet yloxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate (compound 6)

[0090] Compound 6 was prepared (Scheme 4) as described for the synthesis of compound 3 in Example 1, above.

[0091]¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δppm: 1.28 (t, 3 H), 1.95 (m, 1 H), 1.99 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (s, 3 H), 2.11 (s, 3 H), 2.45 (m, 1 H),. 3.46 (m, 2 H), 3. 81 (m, 2 H), 3.98 (m, 2 H), 4.32 (rn, 2 H), 5.45 (d, 1 H), 5.61 (d, 1 H), 5.78 (t, 1 H), 6.12 (d, 1 H), 8.18 (s, 1 H1).

[0092] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyoxolanae-3,4adioe (compound 7)

[0093] Compound 7 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting methylamine for ethylamine: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.75-1.85(m, 1 H), 2.10-2.25(m, 1 H), 2.8 (s, 3 H), 3.60-3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.70-3.80 (m, 2 H), 3.80-3.90(m, 2 H), 4.00-4.05 (m, 1 H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.50-4.55 (m, 2 H), 5.7 (d, 1 H), 6.5-6.5(m, 1 H), 7.9 (s, 1 H).

[0094] 2-{6- [((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(propylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 8)

[0095] Compound 8 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting n-propylamine for ethylamine: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ0.85 (t, 3 H), 1.50-1.60(μ, 2 H), 1.80-1.90(m, 1 H), 2.20-3.20 (t, 2 H), 3.60-3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.70-4.00 (m,4 H), 4.05-4.10 (m, 1 H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.50-4.60 (m, 2 H), 5.75 (d, 1 H), 6.50-6.60(m, 1 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H).

[0096] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(butylamino)purin-9-yl}(4S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 9)

[0097] Compound 9 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting n-butylamine for ethylamine: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ0.80 (,, 3 H), 1.15-1.40(m, 4 H), 1.90-2.00(m, 1 H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 2 H), 3.70-3.90 (m, 5 H), 4.00-4.05 (m, 1 H), 4.20-4.25 (m, 1 H), 4.60-4.65 (m, 1 H), 4.90-4.95 (m, 1 H), 5.50 (bs, 1 H), 5.80 (d, 1 H), 6.2 (bs, 2 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H).

[0098] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[benzylamino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 10)

[0099] Compound 10 was prepared as described in example 1. Substituting benzylamine for ethylamine: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.80-1.90 (m, 1 H), 2.15-2.25 (m, 1 H), 3.60-3.70 (m, 2 H), 3.70-3.80 (m,2 H), 3.90 (q,2 H), 4.05-4.10 (m, 1 H), 4.20-4.30 (m, 1 H), 4.30-4.40 (m, 1 H), 4.60-4.70 (m, 1 H), 4.85-4.95 (m, 1 H), 5.80 (d, 1 H), 6.05-6.10 (m, 1 H), 6.15-6.20 (m, 1 H), 6.30-6.50(m, 1 H), 7.15-7.30 (m, 5 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H).

[0100] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[(methylethyl)amino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 11)

[0101] Compound 11 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting isopropylamine for ethylamine[MS: 395.30 (M+l)]

[0102] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-enylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 12)

[0103] Compound 12 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting allylamine for ethylamine [(MS: 393.7 (M+1)].

EXAMPLE 3

[0104]

[0105] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-ynylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 13)

[0106] Compound 13 was prepared as described in example 1 substituting propargylamine for ethylamine[MS: 391.37 (M+1)].

[0107] 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-methoxypurin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (compound 13)

[0108] To a solution of compound 4 in 1 mL of dry methanol was added 3 mL of 0.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in methanol. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 min. TLC (5% MeOH: 95% DCM) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with a few drops of glacial acetic acid and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was taken up in methanol and analyzed by mass spectrometer [MS 368.2 (M+1) and 390.2 (M+23)].

EXAMPLE 4

[0109] Binding Assays - DDT₁ Cells

[0110] Cell Culture

[0111] DDT cells (hamster vas deferens smooth muscle cell line) were grown as monolayers in petri dishes using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing 2.5 μg ml⁻¹ amphotericin B, 100 U ml⁻¹ penicillin G, 0.1 mg ml⁻¹ streptomycin sulfate and 5% fetal bovine serum in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO₂. Cells were subcultured twice weekly by dispersion in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without the divalent cations and containing 1 mM EDTA. The cells were then seeded in growth medium at a density of 1.2×15 cells per plate and experiments were performed 4 days later at approximately one day preconfluence.

[0112] Membrane Preparations

[0113] Attached cells were washed twice with HBSS (2×10 ml), scraped free of the plate with the aid of a rubber policeman in 5 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 at 4° C. and the suspension homogenized for 10 s. The suspension was then centrifuged at 27,000 x g for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in homogenization buffer by vortexing and centrifuged as described above. The final pellet was resuspended in 1 vol of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 containing 5 mM MgCl₂ for A₁ AdoR assays. For the [³⁵S]GTPγS binding assay the final pellet was resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 containing 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM dithiothreitol. This membrane suspension was then placed in liquid nitrogen for 10 min, thawed and used for assays. The protein content was determined with a Bradford™ Assay Kit using bovine serum albumin as standard.

[0114] Competitive Binding Assay

[0115] Pig striatum were prepared by homogenation in 50 mM Tris buffer ( 5x volume of tissue mass pH=7.4). After centrifugation at 19,000 rpm for 25 minutes at 4° C., the supernatant was discarded, and the process was repeated twice. Compositions of this invention were assayed to determine their affinity for the A₁ receptor in a pig striatum membrane prep or a DDT₁ membrane prep. Briefly, 0.2 mg of pig striatal membranes or DDT₁ cell membranes were treated with adenosine deaminase and 50 mM Tris buffer (pH=7.4) followed by mixing. To the pig membranes was added 2 μL of serially diluted DMSO stock solution of the compounds of this invention at concentrations ranging from 100 microM to 10 nM. The control received 2 microL of DMSO alone, then the antagonist [³H] 8-cyclopentylxanthine (CPX) for pig striatum or the agonist [3H] 2-chloro-6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) for DDT₁ membranes in Tris buffer (50 mM, pH of 7.4) was added to achieve a final concentration of 2 nM. After bation at 23 C. for 2 h, then the solutions were filtered using a membrane harvester using iple washing of the membranes (3 x). The filter disks were counted in scintillation cocktail rding the amount of displacement of tritiated CPX or by the competitive binding ositions of this invention. Greater than a 5 point curve was used to generate Ki's and the er of experiments is indicated in the column marked in Table 1, below: TABLE 1 Compound # K_(i)-DDT₁ cell membrane K_(i)-Pig Striatum 5 171 mM 137 nM 7 — 799 nM 8 — 1040 nM 9 — 2840 nM 10  — 7470 nM

EXAMPLE 5

[0116] [³⁵S]GTPYS Binding Assays

[0117] A₁-agonist stimulated [³⁵S] GTPγS binding was determined by a modification of the method described by Giersckik et al. (1991) and Lorenzen et al. (1993). Membrane protein (30-50 μg) was incubated in a volume of 0.1 ml containing 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 units ml⁻¹ adenosine deaminase, 0.5% BSA, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM GDP, 0.3 nM [³⁵S]GTPγS and with or without varying concentrations of CPA for 90 min at 30° C. Nonspecific binding was determined by the addition of 10 μM GTPγS. Agonist stimulated binding was determined as the difference between total binding in the presence of CPA and basal binding determined in the absence of CPA. Previous reports have shown that agonist stimulated [³⁵S]GTPγS binding was dependent on the presence of GDP (Gierschik et al., 1991; Lorenzen et al., 1993; Traynor & Nahorski, 1995). In preliminary experiments, it was found that 10 μM GDP gave the optimal stimulation of CPA dependent [³⁵S]GTPγS binding and this concentration was therefore used in all studies. In saturation experiments, 0.5 nM [³⁵S]GTPγS was incubated with 0.5-1000 nM GTPγS. At the end of the incubation, each suspension was filtered and the retained radioactivity determined as described above. Results are presented normalized to the full agonist N-6-cyclopentyladenosine, CPA. TABLE 2 Compound # GIPγS CPA 100%   5 89% 11 68% 12 77% 13 95%

EXAMPLE 6

[0118] cAMP Assay

[0119] A scintillation proximity assay (SPA) using rabbit antibodies directed at cAMP using an added tracer of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphoric acid 2′-O-succinyl-3-[¹²⁵I] iodotyrosine methyl ester and fluoromicrospheres containing anti-rabbit specific antibodies as described by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Biotrak cellular communication assays). Briefly, DDT₁ cells were cultured in clear bottomed 96 well microtiter plates with opaque wells at concentrations between 10⁴ to 10⁶ cells per well in 40 μl of HBSS at 37° C. (5% CO₂ and 95% humidity). The partial or full A₁ agonists (5 μl )of this invention were incubated at various concentrations with the DDT₁ cells in the presence of rolipram (50 μM), and 5 μM forskolin for 10 min at 37° C. The cells were immediately lysed by treatment 5 μl of 10% dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide followed by shaking using microplate shaker. After incubation of the plate for 5 minutes, an immunoreagent solution (150 μl containing equal volumes of tracer, antiserum, and SPA fluorospheres) was added to each well followed by sealing the plate. After 15-20 h at 23° C., the amount of bound [¹²⁵I] cAMP to the fluoromicrospheres was determined by counting in a microtitre plate scintillation counter for 2 minutes. Comparison of counts with standard curves generated for cAMP using a similar protocol afforded the cAMP present after cell lysis. Results are presented normalized to the full agonist N-6-cyclopentyladenosine, CPA. Thus, the full agonist CPA diminished the amount of forskolin induced cAMP generation back to basal levels. TABLE 3 Compound # cAMP CPA 100%  11 37% 12 42% 13 41% 

What we claim is:
 1. A composition of matter having the formula:

wherein X¹=O, S, NR⁷; R¹ is a monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclic group containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted with an atom or a molecule selected from the group consisting of N, O, P and S-(O)₀₋₂ and wherein R¹ does not contain an epoxide group; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CF₃, and cyano; R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)—R′, —(CO)—R″, and —(CO)—R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are each individually selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, NO₂, alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰COR²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, N(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰C(NR²⁰)NHR²³, COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, CONR²⁰SO₂R²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², OCONR²⁰SO₂R²², OC(O)R²⁰, C(O)OCH₂OC(O)R²⁰, and OCON(R²⁰)₂ and each optional heteroaryl, aryl, alkyl, and heterocyclyl substituent is optionally further substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, alkyl amide, aryl amide, heteroaryl amide, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, OC(O)R²⁰, OC(O)N(R²⁰)₂, SR²⁰, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, CN, or OR²⁰; R⁶ and R⁷ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, NO₂, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰COR²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², S(O)₃R², P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, SO₂NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰C(NR²⁰)NHR²³, COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, CONR²⁰SO₂R²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², SO₂NR²⁰CO₂R²², OCONR²⁰SO₂R²², OC(O)R²⁰, C(O)OCH₂OC(O)R²⁰ , and OCON(R²⁰)₂ and wherein each optional heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl substituent is optionally substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, alkyl amide, aryl amide, heteroaryl amide, NCOR²², NR²⁰SO₂R²², COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, OC(O)R²⁰, OC(O)N(R²⁰)₂, SR²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, CN, or OR²⁰; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or aryl or heteroaryl amide, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, CF₃, aryl, and heteroaryl; and R²² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl amide, aryl amide, heteroaryl amide, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, CF₃, aryl, and heteroaryl.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, and —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are each individually selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group of halo, N0₂, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰COR²², NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰C(NR²⁰)NHR²³, COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, CONR²⁰SO₂R²², NR²⁰SO₂R²² and wherein each optional heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, CN, or OR²⁰; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₁₅ alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², S(O)₃R²⁰, P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, SO₂R²², SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, and wherein the optional heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl substituents are further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃, CO₂R²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, P(O)(OR²⁰)₂, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, CN, or OR²⁰; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, CF³; and R²² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and CF₃.
 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —CO)-R″, and —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, which alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group of halo, NO₂, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², NR²⁰COR²², COR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, CON(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰SO₂R²², and wherein each optional heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, and CF₃; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₃ alkyl that is optionally substituted with aryl; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, SO₂N(R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, COR²⁰, and wherein the optional heteroaryl, and aryl substituents are each further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃, S(O)₃R²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, CN, and OR²⁰; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and aryl, which alkyl, and aryl, are optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and CF₃; and R²² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and aryl, which alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, alkyl or CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and CF₃.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, and —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, and aryl, which alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents each independently selected from the group of halo, NO₂, aryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, S(O)R²², SO₂R²², N(R²⁰)₂, and each optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, and CF₃; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl optionally substituted with aryl; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, aryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, NR²⁰CO₂R²², NR²⁰CON(R²⁰)₂, and wherein each optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃, S(O)₃R²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, CN, and OR²⁰; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and aryl, which alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from halo, alkyl, mono- or dialkylamino, CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and CF₃; and R²² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and aryl, which alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with 1 substituent independently selected from halo, alkyl or CN, O-C₁₋₆ alkyl, and CF₃.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR₇; R² is hydrogen; R³ , R⁴, and R⁵ are each individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, and —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl which alkyl is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of aryl, CF₃, CN, OR²⁰, N(R²⁰)₂, and each optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, NO₂, alkyl, CF₃; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C₁₋₃ alkyl; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, CF₃, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, and wherein each optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃, S(O)₃R²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, amino, mono- or di- alkylamino, CN, or OR²⁰; and R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, and C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; wherein R² is hydrogen; wherein R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, or —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, or C₁₋₃ alkyl; wherein R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, CF₃, OR²⁰, SR²⁰, CO₂R²⁰, S(O)₃R²⁰, and wherein optional aryl substituent is optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃; R²⁰ is a member selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; wherein R² is hydrogen; wherein R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, or —CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″=0 are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen; wherein R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, , C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with from 1 substituent independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl.
 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R₃, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CO)-R′, —(CO)-R″, and —(CO)-R′″ wherein R′, R″, and R′″ are each methyl; R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl.
 9. The composition of claim I wherein X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³, R⁴, and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents are optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl.
 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R² is hydrogen; R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein the alkyl, is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl wherein the optional aryl substituent is further optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, CF₃.
 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₁₋₄ alkyl that is optionally substituted with phenyl.
 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₄ alkenyl that is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl.
 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₃ alkenyl.
 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NR⁷; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₄ alkynyl that is optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl or aryl.
 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein X¹=NRW; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each hydrogen; and R⁷ is C₂₋₃ alkynyl.
 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein R¹ is mono or polysubstituted with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, acyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano and mixtures thereof.
 17. The composition of matter of claim 1 wherein R¹ is a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 15 atoms wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted with an atom or molecule selected from the group consisting of 0 or S-(O)₀₋₂.
 18. The composition of claim 18 wherein R¹ is mono or polysubstituted with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, acyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano and mixtures thereof.
 19. The composition of claim 1 wherein R¹ is:

wherein R₁′, R₁″, R₁′″, and R₁″″ are individually selected from the group halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, acyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, nitro, cyano and mixtures thereof and X is 0, or S (−O)₀₋₂.
 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein R₁′″ and R₁″″ can be a single oxygen atom.
 21. The composition of claim 19 wherein R₁′, R₁″, R₁′″ and R₁″″ are individually selected from the group H, lower alkyl, substitute lower alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, and substituted aryl.
 22. The composition of claim 19 wherein R₁′, R₁″, R₁′″, and R₁″″ are individually selected from the group H, lower alkyl, and substitute lower alkyl.
 23. The composition of claim 1 wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: wherein each may individually selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, and substituted lower alkyl and wherein X is 0, or S (−O)₀₋₂.
 24. The composition of claims 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 4-pyranyl, and 4 thiopyranyl.
 25. The composition of claims 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 wherein R¹ is 3-tetrahydrofuranyl.
 26. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[(methylethyl)amino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R) 5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-enylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(prop-2-ynylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3 -yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(propylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3 ,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(butylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-[benzylamino]purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; 2-{6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl}(4 S,2 R,3 R,5 R)-5-hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol; and (5- {6-[((3 R)oxolan-3-yl)amino]-8-(ethylamino)purin-9-yl}(2 R,3 R,4 R,5 R)-3,4-diacetyloxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl acetate.
 27. A method for modifying cardiac activity in a mammal experiencing a heart electrical disorder that can be treated by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 to the mammal.
 28. A method for modifying mammalian adipocyte function by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 to the mammal.
 29. A method to restore sensitivity and efficacy of insulin in a mammal by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim 1 to the mammal.
 30. A method for providing a mammal with central nervous system neuroprotection by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 to the mammal.
 31. A method for providing a mammal with cardiomyocyte protection from ischemia by stimulating an A₁ adenosine receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 to the mammal.
 32. The method of claim 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 wherein the therapeutically effective amount ranges from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg weight of the mammal.
 33. A pharmaceutical composition of matter comprising the composition of claim 1 and one or more pharmaceutical excipients.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of matter of claim 33 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a solution.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of matter of claim 33 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet. 